托福閱讀因果邏輯深入剖析(2)-處理句子簡化題

 本系列上一篇文章已經(jīng)帶大家領(lǐng)略多樣的因果邏輯詞/詞組, 并且練習了在句子中對原因和結(jié)果的理解. 這些為我們將要討論的有因果關(guān)系的句子簡化題做好了準備工作. 那么, let’s rock.

分析方法: 讀句子, 尋找因果關(guān)系, 確認原句原因與結(jié)果, 并和選項核對, 選項和原句因果一致的才是正確答案.

u 例題1

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

本句中動詞詞組result from是明顯的因果邏輯詞組, 并且屬于前果后因.原因= land+people+difficulty, 結(jié)果= The extreme seriousness of desertification, 因為大片土地和眾多受影響的人們及逆轉(zhuǎn)或者降低過程的巨大難度導致了沙漠化的極端嚴重性.

那么我們來瀏覽以下4個選項.

○Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

A 中的because說明前果后因, 結(jié)果和原句一致, 原因也一致, 就是正確答案了.

○Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

B選項也有because, 那么結(jié)果是降低沙漠化的速度, 和原句結(jié)果不一致, B錯誤, 當然如果你去核對原因,會發(fā)現(xiàn)也不一致.

○The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

C選項瀏覽完畢發(fā)現(xiàn)主句強調(diào)沙漠化蔓延的問題能夠被解決, 和原句的結(jié)果不一致, 排除.

○Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

 D選項既沒有因果邏輯,而且明顯和原句的原因不一致.

u 例題2

Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

本句中連詞because表達原因, 前果后因. (所以)科學家們把基礎(chǔ)小組看作個人和社會之間的橋梁, 因為小組傳輸、協(xié)調(diào)和解讀社會的文化規(guī)律并提供對社會團結(jié)很重要的統(tǒng)一性.

○ Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.

A選項文化規(guī)律建立了個人與社會的鏈接, establish建立可以認為是隱性因果, 然而原句結(jié)果是primary groups, 在該選項中沒有出現(xiàn), 錯誤. 

○ Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.

B選項和A錯誤原因一致, 原句結(jié)果是primary groups, 在該選項中沒有出現(xiàn).

○ Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.

C選項因果和原句一致, 正確答案.

○ Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.

D選項, 動詞詞組arise from由于,可以當作隱性因果詞, 那么cultural patterns就是結(jié)果, 和原句結(jié)果沖突, 錯誤.

u 例題3

He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.

本句中動詞reason是明顯的因果邏輯詞表示因為, 因為如果他制作和賣投影儀, 那么展覽者就只會從他那里只買1個機器而不是幾個, 所以他拒絕去發(fā)展投影技術(shù).

○Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.

A選項瀏覽完畢,發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有因果邏輯, 反而是比較, 錯誤.

○Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.

B選項有because, 那么我們開始核對原因和結(jié)果. 結(jié)果一致, 但是原因沖突.

○Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.

C選項也有because, 那么我們繼續(xù)核對原因和結(jié)果. 結(jié)果一致, 選項原因指限制了他能夠賣的機器個數(shù)和原句原因一致, 選項因果和原句因果一致, 所以C是正確答案.

○Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.

D瀏覽完畢發(fā)現(xiàn)該選項里沒有因果邏輯.

前3個例題里原句和正確選項里都有明顯的因果詞,那么下面3個例題我們要增加難度, 原句或正確選項里出現(xiàn)隱性因果甚至因果消失, 一起闖關(guān)吧.

u 例題4

As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.

原句有明顯因果關(guān)系詞組As a result of, 前因后果. 因為地殼調(diào)整和斷層作用, 所以GS打開,水壯觀的流回到地中海.

○The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.

A選項瀏覽完畢發(fā)現(xiàn)caused導致, 所以地殼調(diào)整和斷層作用是結(jié)果, 原句里它是原因,沖突所以A錯誤.  

○The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.

B選項,因為地殼調(diào)整和斷層作用打開GS(當?shù)貧ふ{(diào)整和斷層作用打開GS時), 導致地中海被大西洋海水重新填滿. 選項因果和原句因果意思一致, 正確答案.

l 特別提醒, 此處的when是個隱性原因哦.

○The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.

C選項 as spectacular as比較邏輯, 水流和地殼調(diào)整和斷層作用的比較, 原句是因果, 不是比較, 錯誤.

○As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.

D選項原因是地殼調(diào)整和斷層+GS的產(chǎn)生, 和原句原因不一致, 錯誤.

l 特別提醒, 本題是原句有明顯因果, 然而正確答案中是隱性因果, 出現(xiàn)了顯性向隱性的轉(zhuǎn)變, 增加了邏輯關(guān)系識別的難度, 但是正確選項里的因果關(guān)系及意思在本質(zhì)上沒有發(fā)生變化.

u 例題5

In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.

原句中有明顯因果詞thus, 前因后果. 因為攜帶來自肢體的冷血的血管和帶來自身體的熱血的血管距離很近, 前者能從后者中獲得熱量; 所以,熱量就出現(xiàn)了外內(nèi)的交換.

○In a turtle's countercurrent exchange system, outgoing vessels lie near enough to ingoing ones that heat can be exchanged from the former to the latter before reaching the turtle's flippers.

A選項, (因為)外內(nèi)血管距離近, (所以)熱量就在外內(nèi)間交換. 和原句因果一致, 正確答案.

l 特別提醒, 本題是原句有明顯因果thus, 然而正確答案中是因果關(guān)系詞消失, 然而意思和原句一致.

○Within the turtle's flippers, there is a countercurrent exchange system that allows colder blood vessels to absorb heat from nearby warmer blood vessels and then return warmed blood to the turtle's body.

B選項冷血管可以從附近的熱血管吸收熱量, 并隨后向身體歸還被加熱的血液. 和原句結(jié)果不一致, 錯誤.

○In a countercurrent exchange system, a turtle can pick up body heat from being close enough to other turtles, thus raising its blood temperature as it passes them.

C選項有thus, 那么我們先核對結(jié)果, 選項結(jié)果是提高血液溫度和原句結(jié)果沖突, 錯誤.

○When a turtle places its flippers close to its body, it is able to use its countercurrent exchange system to transfer heat from the warmer blood vessels in its body to the cooler blood vessels in its flippers

D選項, 根據(jù)上文例題4我們發(fā)現(xiàn)when也可以表示原因, 所以選項原因是海龜把鰭靠近身體, 和原句原因沖突, 錯誤.

u 例題6

Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush.

原句里有隱性因果so that表示“以至于”也就是導致/所以, 前因后果. 大部分的版畫是左邊打光, 左側(cè)打光導致右撇子畫家手的影子不會落在繪畫工具上.

○ Right-handed artists could more easily have avoided casting shadows on their work, because engravings in prehistoric caves were lit from the left.

A選項瀏覽完畢發(fā)現(xiàn)because, 下一步核對因果是否一致, 然而選項結(jié)果是右撇子畫家更容易避免影子落在作品上, 原句結(jié)果里沒有更容易這個比較,結(jié)果不一致,錯誤.

○ The tips of engraving tools and brushes indicate that these instruments were used by right-handed artists whose work was lit from the left.

B選項通讀后發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有因果, 繪畫工具被左側(cè)打光的右撇子畫家使用, 錯誤.

○ The best lighting for most engravings suggests that they were made by right-handed people trying to avoid the shadow of their hands interfering with their work.

C選項意思是, 大部分版畫最佳的光源說明它們是被想要避免手的陰影干擾作畫的右撇子制造的. 該選項和原句意思一致, 是正確答案.

l 特別提醒, 本題是原句有隱性因果so that, 然而正確選項中是因果消失, 然而意思上是一致的.

○ Right-handed artists try to avoid having the brush they are using interfere with the light source.

D選項通讀后發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有因果, 而且意思是右撇子藝術(shù)家嘗試不用刷子, 這和原句意思不一致, 錯誤.

通過這6個例題我們練習了如何破解有因果邏輯的托福句子簡化題. 總結(jié)如下: 題目如果有因果邏輯, 那么正確選項也要有, 而且選項的因果要和原句因果相應且意思一致. 但是要注意 ？？因果邏輯詞可以替換甚至可以消失哦. 看到這里,想必你有實踐的沖動,給大家在文末留出一個練習題, 快動手實踐吧.

原句:

Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.

A. Buying imported grain led to the Dutch demanding that other foodstuffs and consumer goods be imported.

B. Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer goods.

C. Keeping the price of grain low was a primary goal of the Dutch at a time when they could not produce enough grain to provide for all their needs.

D. The demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods forced the Dutch to import grain and other products at a time when maintaining low prices was especially important.